Warrang or Warrane — or ngurang?

SYDNEY WORDS

One of the earliest recorded names for Sydney, or Sydney Cove, was provided by Philip Gidley King:

Australian	respelt	English	Eng JSM	source
“Warrane”	waran	“The tribe of Wallumede inhabit the north shore opposite Warrane, or Sydney-Cove, and are called Walumetta. [Sydney Cove]”	:	King in Hunter 1968 [:275:11] [BB]

This was derived from King’s 1790 manuscript:

“Warrane”

waran

“The tribe of Wallumede inhabit the North shore opposite Warrane or Sydney Cove & called Walumetta.”

Sydney Cove—:

King MS [:406:5] [BB]

[King, Philip Gidley. 1786-90. Journal of P.G. King, 1786-1790. Sydney (Mitchell Library).]

There are various other references to Sydney spelt Warrane, by H. Haywood Richardson, George Thornton, McCarthy, Tyrrell, and Attenborough, but all appear to be copies of this original King entry.

Dawes provided:

“Worrong-woóree”

warang-wuri

“:On this side (the water) :”

side  near:

Dawes (b) [b:22:3] [BB]

The spelling warang also occurred, first used by Dawes.

“Wåráng”	warang	“I then told her that a whiteman had been wounded some days ago in coming from Kadi to Wåráng & asked her why the black men did it.—”	Sydney Cove  :	Dawes (b) [b:33:4.3] [BB]
“Warrang”	warang	“Sydney Cove”	:	Meehan 1807 [::] [BB]
“Warang”	warang	“Rose Bay”	:	Wentworth, D’Arcy, papers [::5] [BB]

The surveyor James Meehan used it in 1807, and Darcy Wentworth sometime before he died in 1827, though he ascribed the meaning to Rose Bay.

SIDE

In the Anon notebook of around 1790-91 there is:

“Warrangi”

warangi

“Right hand”

right  :

Anon (c) [c:12:8] [BB]

which, if Dawes were to be correct about the meaning of ‘side’, might suggest the settlement were perceived as being on the right-hand side of Sydney Cove, and hence the reference provided by the unknown informant.

HERE

Also in the Anon notebook is:

“War-ran-jam-ora”

waran dyamara

“I am in Sydney Cove”

Sydney Cove, I am in  :

Anon (c) [c:18:4] [BB]

The ‘jam’ (dyam) or possibly  ‘dyamu’ part of this might have meant ‘here’, from: 

“D’iamŏ”

dya-mu

“Here I am; Here I come”

here  I:

Southwell [:149.1:25.1] [BB]

MUCH LATER

In about 1832, a generation or so later, by which time the Sydney language was largely lost, Larmer recorded:

“Warung áréá”

Warangariya

“Billy Blues Point”

side  xxx [?]:

Larmer (RSNSW) SydHbr [:229:5] [Syd]

 This contribution, apparently linked in some way, does not add any clarification.

SPELLING

It is probably the case that warrang and warrane are two ways people in about 1790 recorded the same word they heard. If one said the word to a group today, similar discrepancies in the spelling of it would probably occur.

MEANING

Warang might have genuinely been a placename for the location on Sydney Cove where the settlement was established. Or it might have been a casual reference to the side of the cove on which the settlement was springing up; or the side from which a boat at the time was about to leave for some harbour journey.

Or it might have meant something else entirely, as will be considered shortly. But first a comment about the early recorders transcribing what they heard.

OMITTED INITIAL CONSONANTS

Early recorders apparently commonly experienced difficulty in making out the precise sound of a word they heard, that they were trying to write down. No indigenous words in the Sydney region began with a vowel, and yet there are written records from all over with words starting with a vowel. It was probable that in some regions of Australia a consonant once there might have begun to be dropped, but even so it seems reasonable to be suspicious of words lacking an initial consonant. Often in such cases a particular consonant can be tried to see if it might result in a word more like others recorded for the same meaning. The best consonants to try are ‘w’ and ‘y’, referred to by linguists as ‘semi-vowels’.

There is also one other sound that appears to have been omitted because of its difficulty for English speakers: ‘ng’ at the start of a word. In English the ‘ng’ sound is very common at the end of a word or in the middle (as in ‘singing’, ‘banging’), but never at the start of a word. But is is very common there in Australian indigenous languages. Sometimes such indigenous Australian words were spelt beginning ‘Kn-’ or ‘Gn-’ — or the problematic sound was just omitted altogether, leaving a word apparently beginning with a vowel.

The following pairs of examples show a consonant present in the first and omitted in the second.

W 

“Woongarra”	wungara	“Little boy”	boy  little:	Lang:NSW Vocab [:5:144] [DG?]
“Oongra”	wungara	“Boy”	boy  :	Paine, Daniel [:41.1:9] [BB]
“wuttha”	wuDa	“Ear”	ear  :	Mathews NYMBA 1904 [:225.3:48] [NYMBA]
“utha”	wuDa	“ear”	ear  :	KAOL Ridley [WIRA] [:122:24.2] [WIRA]

Y

“Yan-ne-dah”	yanada	“moon”	moon  :	Phillip, Arthur:Ltr 3 Dec. 1791 to Banks [:9:6.1] [Syd]
“anarda”	yanada	“moon”	moon  moon:	Monkhouse [:34.1:14] [Syd]

Ng

“Ngalawáu”	ngalawa	“To sit down Or Sit thou”	sit  stay, to:	Dawes (b) [b:14:5] [BB]
“al-lo-wah”	ngaluwa	“Stay here, or sit down”	sit  stay, to:	Collins 1 [:511.1:15] [BB]

CAMP?

Sometimes a record from some other place sets off a new train of thought. A case in point is the following from a Wiradhuri list:

“Oorabooga”

ngura buga

“A stinking camp (Oarong–a camp. Booka–stinking.)”

camp stinking  :

SofM 18991221 [211:Richardson-Bathurst] [:212.1:20] [WIRA]

This example can be further analysed:

“[Oarong]”	ngurang	“[(Oarong–a camp. . .)]”	camp  :	SofM 18991221 [211:Richardson-Bathurst] [:212.1:20.1] [WIRA]
“[Booka]”	buga	“[(. . . Booka–stinking.)]”	stinking  :	SofM 18991221 [211:Richardson-Bathurst] [:212.1:20.2] [WIRA]

From the first of the two examples immediately above it seems just possible that the Warrane / Warrang in Sydney might have been a case where a ‘w’ was substituted for an initial ‘ng’ not properly heard, and that instead of ‘warang’ what had been said might actually have been ngurang.

In Wiradhuri ngurang is the word for ‘camp’:

“Ngurang”

ngurang

“camp, nest”

camp  :

Günther WIRA (Fraser) [:93:59.1] [WIRA]

In Sydney Collins recorded the same word as meaning ‘place’:

“Gno-rang”

ngurang

“A place”

camp  place:

Collins 1 [:507.2:17] [BB]

‘Place’ could well have been ‘camp’, and indeed ‘camp’ was often recorded — as ngura / ngara, as in:

“Ngur´ra”

ngura

“a camp”

camp  :

Mathews 8006/3/5 -5 [:110:16] [DG]

SETTLEMENT and CAMP

Could the real meaning of Warang for ‘Sydney’ actually be ‘camp’? 

On the one hand this seems improbable as Dawes meticulously captured and recorded words beginning with ‘ng’ even introducing a special symbol akin to /ŋ/ to spell them. Accordingly he appears unlikely to have made an error in in recording “Worrong-woóree” as quoted above. It is interesting to note that he placed colons around his translation of this expression: “: On this side (the water) :”; this was a device he employed to indicate that he was unsure of the actual meaning. Consequently, any suggestion that warang recorded as the name for Sydney might really have been ngarang (camp) is doubtful. Nevertheless it remains an interesting possibility, particularly as the settlement at Sydney Cove might easily have been referred to by the indigenous population as a ‘camp’, and hence as ngarang, or ngura / ngara, rather than as warang.